Choose your substitute based on dish type: anchovies or herring for cooking, tuna or mackerel for cold dishes, and vegan blends for plant-based needs.
Prepare the substitute by draining, mashing, or blending as needed to mimic sardine texture.
Apply substitute at recommended ratios (mostly 1:1) adjusting salt or flavors like lemon zest for tuna.
Integrate substitute into your recipe; warm or cook as appropriate to develop flavors fully.
Taste and adjust seasoning or consistency to match desired sardine profile for the dish.