Choose the substitute based on your dish and which quality you want to replicate: color or aroma.
For annatto water, steep seeds in warm water for 10-15 minutes; for other powders and petals, measure directly.
Use the specified ratios: turmeric powder ¼ tsp, annatto water from 1 tablespoon seeds, safflower petals 1 tbsp, DIY blend of turmeric and cardamom, or paprika-turmeric mix per 1 teaspoon saffron.
Add the substitute to your dish during cooking and adjust to taste for color intensity and aroma balance.
Taste and visually check the dish, adding more if needed, keeping in mind some substitutes add flavor while others do not.