Choose substitute based on dish type: water chestnuts for stir-fries, Napa cabbage for soups, hearts of palm or celery for cold dishes.
Prep the substitute: slice water chestnuts or celery to match original bamboo shoot size; thinly slice Napa cabbage; rinse hearts of palm if desired; drain bean sprouts.
Apply the volume ratio: use equal parts for most substitutes except Napa cabbage at 1.5 times volume due to shrinkage.
Add substitutes at appropriate time: bean sprouts in last 30-60 seconds, Napa cabbage towards end of simmering, other substitutes with main cooking ingredients.
Check final texture and taste, adjusting seasoning as needed to balance changes in flavor profile from the substitute.